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I studied how Chinese textile exporters responded when environmental regulations became more stringent, using a change in wastewater standards in Jiangsu province as a natural experiment.. The setting was Lake Tai, one of China’s largest freshwater lakes and the centre of the country’s dyeing industry. Textile dyeing produces heavily polluted wastewater, and by the 2000s the lake was extremely polluted.. In 2005, Jiangsu province responded by tightening the wastewater standard for dyeing firms around the lake.

The country’s new textile discharge standard adds a requirement for certain dyeing and finishing operations to demonstrate that fish embryos can survive exposure to their treated wastewater, introducing a biological check alongside existing chemical limits.. The standard, GB 4287-2026, took effect Sept. 1 for new, rebuilt and expanded facilities. Existing facilities must comply from Jan. 1, 2028, though provincial governments may approve an earlier rollout. Published jointly by China’s Ministry of Ecology and Environment and the State Administration for Market Regulation, it replaces four 2012 standards covering dyeing and finishing, silk reeling, wool and hemp.. The test uses newly fertilized zebrafish eggs exposed for 48 hours to a sample diluted to one-sixth of the test solution. At least 90 percent must survive at approximately 79 degrees Fahrenheit, according to the standard.